Why AGI Remains Distant: The Compute Bottleneck Beyond Layers 1–3

In October 2025, Andrej Karpathy posted a reflection that quietly reshaped how researchers think about the road to AGI. He wrote that each of the three existing layers of AI training—base model pretraining, supervised fine-tuning, and reinforcement learning—will remain part of the final recipe, but that “we need additional layers and ideas 4, 5, 6, … Read more

When Big Tech Doesn’t Buy Startups — It Buys Souls

The silent tragedy of independence in the age of AI monopolies Andrew Tulloch didn’t sell his company — he simply left. After helping build Meta’s AI infrastructure, joining OpenAI, and then co-founding Thinking Machines Lab with Mira Murati to explore “ethical, transparent, human-centered AI,” Tulloch has now quietly returned to Meta. Six months. That’s how … Read more

Tinker: Can an Independent AI Infrastructure Startup Survive Between Giants?

When a former OpenAI CTO launches a new platform, people pay attention. That is exactly what happened with Tinker, a fine-tuning service for large language models (LLMs) incubated by Thinking Machines Lab. Its proposition is bold: give developers low-level control over fine-tuning open-weight models such as Llama or Qwen, while outsourcing the headaches of infrastructure. … Read more